110th CONGRESS
1st Session
S. 1087
To amend the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 to prohibit discrimination
in the payment of wages on account of sex, race, or national origin, and
for other purposes.
IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES
April 11, 2007
Mr. HARKIN (for himself, Mr. KENNEDY, Mrs. MURRAY, Ms. MIKULSKI, Mr. BROWN,
Mr. AKAKA, Mr. FEINGOLD, Mrs. BOXER, Mr. LEAHY, Mr. KERRY, Mr. SANDERS,
and Mr. DURBIN) introduced the following bill; which was read twice and
referred to the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions
A BILL
To amend the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 to prohibit discrimination
in the payment of wages on account of sex, race, or national origin, and
for other purposes.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
States of America in Congress assembled,
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.
(a) Short Title- This Act may be cited as the `Fair Pay Act of 2007'.
(b) Reference- Except as provided in section 8, whenever in this Act an
amendment or repeal is expressed in terms of an amendment to, or repeal
of, a section or other provision, the reference shall be considered to be
made to a section or other provision of the Fair Labor Standards Act of
1938 (29 U.S.C. 201 et seq.).
SEC. 2. FINDINGS.
Congress finds the following:
(1) Wage rate differentials exist between equivalent jobs segregated by
sex, race, and national origin in Government employment and in industries
engaged in commerce or in the production of goods for commerce.
(2) The existence of such wage rate differentials--
(A) depresses wages and living standards for employees necessary for
their health and efficiency;
(B) prevents the maximum utilization of the available labor resources;
(C) tends to cause labor disputes, thereby burdening, affecting, and
obstructing commerce;
(D) burdens commerce and the free flow of goods in commerce; and
(E) constitutes an unfair method of competition.
(3) Discrimination in hiring and promotion has played a role in maintaining
a segregated work force.
(4) Many women and people of color work in occupations dominated by individuals
of their same sex, race, and national origin.
(5)(A) A study of 400 fields that employed 10,000 full-time, year-round
workers conducted by the United States Census Bureau in 2000, found that
women were able to earn at least as much as men in just 5 fields, hazardous
material removal, telecommunications line installation and repair, meeting
and convention planning, food preparation, and construction trade assistant
work.
(B) An Institute for Women's Policy Research 2004 analysis of data collected
in the Current Population Survey by the United States Bureau of Labor
Statistics found that women were paid only 76 cents for every dollar that
a man makes.
(6) Section 6(d) of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 prohibits discrimination
in compensation for `equal work' on the basis of sex.
(7) Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits discrimination
in compensation because of race, color, religion, national origin, and
sex. The Supreme Court, in its decision in County of Washington v. Gunther,
452 U.S. 161 (1981), held that title VII's prohibition against discrimination
in compensation also applies to jobs that do not constitute `equal work'
as defined in section 6(d) of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (29
U.S.C. 206(d)). Decisions of lower courts, however, have demonstrated
that further clarification of existing legislation is necessary in order
effectively to carry out the intent of Congress to implement the Supreme
Court's holding in its Gunther decision.
(8) Artificial barriers to the elimination of discrimination in compensation
based upon sex, race, and national origin continue to exist more than
3 decades after the passage of section 6(d) of the Fair Labor Standards
Act of 1938 and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (42 U.S.C. 2000a et seq.).
Elimination of such barriers would have positive effects, including--
(A) providing a solution to problems in the economy created by discrimination
through wage rate differentials;
(B) substantially reducing the number of working women and people of
color earning low wages, thereby reducing the dependence on public assistance;
and
(C) promoting stable families by enabling working family members to
earn a fair rate of pay.
SEC. 3. EQUAL PAY FOR EQUIVALENT JOBS.
(a) Amendment- Section 6 (29 U.S.C. 206) is amended by adding at the end
the following:
`(h)(1)(A) Except as provided in subparagraph (B), no employer having employees
subject to any provision of this section shall discriminate, within any
establishment in which such employees are employed, between employees on
the basis of sex, race, or national origin by paying wages to employees
in such establishment in a job that is dominated by employees of a particular
sex, race, or national origin at a rate less than the rate at which the
employer pays wages to employees in such establishment in another job that
is dominated by employees of the opposite sex or of a different race or
national origin, respectively, for work on equivalent jobs.
`(B) Nothing in subparagraph (A) shall prohibit the payment of different
wage rates to employees where such payment is made pursuant to--
`(iii) a system that measures earnings by quantity or quality of production;
or
`(iv) a differential based on a bona fide factor other than sex, race,
or national origin, such as education, training, or experience, except
that this clause shall apply only if--
`(I) the employer demonstrates that--
`(AA) is job-related with respect to the position in question; or
`(BB) furthers a legitimate business purpose, except that this item
shall not apply if the employee demonstrates that an alternative
employment practice exists that would serve the same business purpose
without producing such differential and that the employer has refused
to adopt such alternative practice; and
`(bb) such factor was actually applied and used reasonably in light
of the asserted justification; and
`(II) upon the employer succeeding under subclause (I), the employee
fails to demonstrate that the differential produced by the reliance
of the employer on such factor is itself the result of discrimination
on the basis of sex, race, or national origin by the employer.
`(C) The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission shall issue guidelines
specifying criteria for determining whether a job is dominated by employees
of a particular sex, race, or national origin for purposes of subparagraph
(B)(iv). Such guidelines shall not include a list of such jobs.
`(D) An employer who is paying a wage rate differential in violation of
subparagraph (A) shall not, in order to comply with the provisions of such
subparagraph, reduce the wage rate of any employee.
`(2) No labor organization or its agents representing employees of an employer
having employees subject to any provision of this section shall cause or
attempt to cause such an employer to discriminate against an employee in
violation of paragraph (1)(A).
`(3) For purposes of administration and enforcement of this subsection,
any amounts owing to any employee that have been withheld in violation of
paragraph (1)(A) shall be deemed to be unpaid minimum wages or unpaid overtime
compensation under this section or section 7.
`(A) The term `labor organization' means any organization of any kind,
or any agency or employee representation committee or plan, in which employees
participate and that exists for the purpose, in whole or in part, of dealing
with employers concerning grievances, labor disputes, wages, rates of
pay, hours of employment, or conditions of work.
`(B) The term `equivalent jobs' means jobs that may be dissimilar, but
whose requirements are equivalent, when viewed as a composite of skills,
effort, responsibility, and working conditions.'.
(b) Conforming Amendment- Section 13(a) (29 U.S.C. 213(a)) is amended in
the matter before paragraph (1) by striking `section 6(d)' and inserting
`sections 6 (d) and (h)'.
SEC. 4. PROHIBITED ACTS.
Section 15(a) (29 U.S.C. 215(a)) is amended--
(1) by striking the period at the end of paragraph (5) and inserting a
semicolon; and
(2) by adding after paragraph (5) the following:
`(6) to discriminate against any individual because such individual has
opposed any act or practice made unlawful by section 6(h) or because such
individual made a charge, testified, assisted, or participated in any
manner in an investigation, proceeding, or hearing to enforce section
6(h); or
`(7) to discharge or in any other manner discriminate against, coerce,
intimidate, threaten, or interfere with any employee or any other person
because the employee inquired about, disclosed, compared, or otherwise
discussed the employee's wages or the wages of any other employee, or
because the employee exercised, enjoyed, aided, or encouraged any other
person to exercise or enjoy any right granted or protected by section
6(h).'.
SEC. 5. REMEDIES.
(a) Enhanced Penalties- Section 16(b) (29 U.S.C. 216(b)) is amended--
(1) by inserting after the first sentence the following: `Any employer
who violates subsection (d) or (h) of section 6 shall additionally be
liable for such compensatory or punitive damages as may be appropriate,
except that the United States shall not be liable for punitive damages.';
(2) in the sentence beginning `An action to', by striking `either of the
preceding sentences' and inserting `any of the preceding sentences of
this subsection';
(3) in the sentence beginning `No employees', by striking `No employees'
and inserting `Except with respect to class actions brought under subsection
(f), no employee';
(4) in the sentence beginning `The court in', by striking `in such action'
and inserting `in any action brought to recover the liability prescribed
in any of the preceding sentences of this subsection'; and
(5) by striking `section 15(a)(3)' each place it occurs and inserting
`paragraphs (3), (6), and (7) of section 15(a)'.
(b) Action by Secretary- Section 16(c) (29 U.S.C. 216(c)) is amended--
(1) in the first sentence--
(A) by inserting `or, in the case of a violation of subsection (d) or
(h) of section 6, additional compensatory or punitive damages,' before
`and the agreement'; and
(B) by inserting before the period the following: `, or such compensatory
or punitive damages, as appropriate';
(2) in the second sentence, by inserting before the period the following:
`and, in the case of a violation of subsection (d) or (h) of section 6,
additional compensatory or punitive damages'; and
(3) in the third sentence, by striking `the first sentence' and inserting
`the first or second sentence'.
(c) Fees- Section 16 (29 U.S.C. 216) is amended by adding at the end the
following:
`(f) In any action brought under this section for a violation of section
6(h), the court shall, in addition to any other remedies awarded to the
prevailing plaintiff or plaintiffs, allow expert fees as part of the costs.
Any such action may be maintained as a class action as provided by the Federal
Rules of Civil Procedure.'.
SEC. 6. RECORDS.
(a) Records- Section 11(c) (29 U.S.C. 211(c) is amended--
(1) by inserting `(1)' after `(c)'; and
(2) by adding at the end the following:
`(2) Every employer subject to section 6(h) shall preserve records that
document and support the method, system, calculations, and other bases used
by the employer in establishing, adjusting, and determining the wage rates
paid to the employees of the employer. Every employer subject to section
6(h) shall preserve such records for such periods of time, and shall make
such reports from the records to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission,
as shall be prescribed by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission by
regulation or order as necessary or appropriate for the enforcement of the
provisions of section 6(h) or any regulation promulgated pursuant to section
6(h).'.
(b) Small Business Exemptions- Section 11(c) (as amended by subsection (a))
is further amended by adding at the end the following:
`(3) Every employer subject to section 6(h) that has 25 or more employees
on any date during the first or second year after the effective date of
this paragraph, or 15 or more employees on any date during any subsequent
year after such second year, shall, in accordance with regulations promulgated
by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission under paragraph (8), prepare
and submit to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission for the year involved
a report signed by the president, treasurer, or corresponding principal
officer, of the employer that includes information that discloses the wage
rates paid to employees of the employer in each classification, position,
or job title, or to employees in other wage groups employed by the employer,
including information with respect to the sex, race, and national origin
of employees at each wage rate in each classification, position, job title,
or other wage group.'.
(c) Protection of Confidentiality- Section 11(c) (as amended by subsections
(a) and (b)) is further amended by adding at the end the following:
`(4) The rules and regulations promulgated by the Equal Employment Opportunity
Commission under paragraph (8), relating to the form of such a report, shall
include requirements to protect the confidentiality of employees, including
a requirement that the report shall not contain the name of any individual
employee.'.
(d) Use; Inspections; Examination; Regulations- Section 11(c) (as amended
by subsections (a) through (c)) is further amended by adding at the end
the following:
`(5) The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission may publish any information
and data that the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission obtains pursuant
to the provisions of paragraph (3). The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
may use the information and data for statistical and research purposes,
and compile and publish such studies, analyses, reports, and surveys based
on the information and data as the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
may consider appropriate.
`(6) In order to carry out the purposes of this Act, the Equal Employment
Opportunity Commission shall by regulation make reasonable provision for
the inspection and examination by any person of the information and data
contained in any report submitted to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
pursuant to paragraph (3).
`(7) The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission shall by regulation provide
for the furnishing of copies of reports submitted to the Equal Employment
Opportunity Commission pursuant to paragraph (3) to any person upon payment
of a charge based upon the cost of the service.
`(8) The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission shall issue rules and regulations
prescribing the form and content of reports required to be submitted under
paragraph (3) and such other reasonable rules and regulations as the Equal
Employment Opportunity Commission may find necessary to prevent the circumvention
or evasion of such reporting requirements. In exercising the authority of
the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission under paragraph (3), the Equal
Employment Opportunity Commission may prescribe by general rule simplified
reports for employers for whom the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
finds that because of the size of the employers a detailed report would
be unduly burdensome.'.
SEC. 7. RESEARCH, EDUCATION, AND TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAM; REPORT
TO CONGRESS.
Section 4(d) (29 U.S.C. 204(d)) is amended by adding at the end the following:
`(4) The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission shall conduct studies and
provide information and technical assistance to employers, labor organizations,
and the general public concerning effective means available to implement
the provisions of section 6(h) prohibiting wage rate discrimination between
employees performing work in equivalent jobs on the basis of sex, race,
or national origin. Such studies, information, and technical assistance
shall be based on and include reference to the objectives of such section
to eliminate such discrimination. In order to achieve the objectives of
such section, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission shall carry on
a continuing program of research, education, and technical assistance including--
`(A) conducting and promoting research with the intent of developing means
to expeditiously correct the wage rate differentials described in section
6(h);
`(B) publishing and otherwise making available to employers, labor organizations,
professional associations, educational institutions, the various media
of communication, and the general public the findings of studies and other
materials for promoting compliance with section 6(h);
`(C) sponsoring and assisting State and community informational and educational
programs; and
`(D) providing technical assistance to employers, labor organizations,
professional associations and other interested persons on means of achieving
and maintaining compliance with the provisions of section 6(h).
`(5) The report submitted biennially by the Secretary to Congress under
paragraph (1) shall include a separate evaluation and appraisal regarding
the implementation of section 6(h).'.
SEC. 8. CONFORMING AMENDMENTS.
(a) Congressional Employees-
(1) APPLICATION- Section 203(a)(1) of the Congressional Accountability
Act of 1995 (2 U.S.C. 1313(a)(1)) is amended--
(A) by striking `subsections (a)(1) and (d) of section 6' and inserting
`subsections (a)(1), (d), and (h) of section 6'; and
(B) by striking `206 (a)(1) and (d)' and inserting `206 (a)(1), (d),
and (h)'.
(2) REMEDIES- Section 203(b) of such Act (2 U.S.C. 1313(b)) is amended
by inserting before the period the following: `or, in an appropriate case,
under section 16(f) of such Act (29 U.S.C. 216(f))'.
(b) Executive Branch Employees-
(1) APPLICATION- Section 413(a)(1) of title 3, United States Code, as
added by section 2(a) of the Presidential and Executive Office Accountability
Act (Public Law 104-331; 110 Stat. 4053), is amended by striking `subsections
(a)(1) and (d) of section 6' and inserting `subsections (a)(1), (d), and
(h) of section 6'.
(2) REMEDIES- Section 413(b) of such title is amended by inserting before
the period the following: `or, in an appropriate case, under section 16(f)
of such Act'.
SEC. 9. EFFECTIVE DATE.
The amendments made by this Act shall take effect 1 year after the date
of enactment of this Act.
END
