To create a temporary reinsurance mechanism to enhance the availability of terrorism insurance.

November 29, 2001

Mr. HOLLINGS (for himself, Mrs. BOXER, and Mr. WYDEN) introduced the following bill; which was read twice and referred to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation

To create a temporary reinsurance mechanism to enhance the availability of terrorism insurance.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS.

(a) SHORT TITLE- This Act may be cited as the `National Terrorism Reinsurance Fund Act'.

(b) TABLE OF CONTENTS- The table of contents for this Act is as follows:

Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents.

Sec. 2. Findings.

Sec. 3. Purpose.

Sec. 4. National terrorism reinsurance program.

Sec. 5. Fund operations.

Sec. 6. Coverage provided.

Sec. 7. Secretary to determine if loss is attributable to terrorism.

Sec. 8. Mandatory coverage by property and casualty insurers for acts of terrorism.

Sec. 9. Pass-throughs and other rate increases.

Sec. 10. Credit for reinsurance.

Sec. 11. Administrative provisions.

Sec. 12. Inapplicability of certain laws.

Sec. 13. Sunset provision.

Sec. 14. Definitions.

SEC. 2. FINDINGS.

The Congress finds the following:

(1) The terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon on September 11, 2001, have inflicted possibly the largest loss ever incurred by insurers and reinsurers.

(2) The magnitude of the loss, and its impact on the current capacity of the reinsurance market, threaten the ability of the property and casualty insurance market to provide coverage to building owners, businesses, and American citizens.

(3) It is necessary to create a temporary reinsurance mechanism to augment the capacity of private insurers to provide insurance for terrorism related risks.

SEC. 3. PURPOSE.

The purpose of this Act is to facilitate the coverage by property and casualty insurers of the peril for losses due to acts of terrorism by providing additional reinsurance capacity for loss or damage due to acts of terrorism occurring within the United States, its territories, and possessions.

SEC. 4. NATIONAL TERRORISM REINSURANCE PROGRAM.

(a) IN GENERAL- The Secretary of Commerce shall establish and administer a program to provide reinsurance to participating insurers for losses due to acts of terrorism.

(b) ADVISORY COMMITTEE; MEMBERSHIP- There is established an advisory committee to provide advice and counsel to the Secretary in carrying out the program of reinsurance established by the Secretary. The advisory committee shall consist of 10 members, as follows:

(1) 3 representatives of the property and casualty insurance industry, appointed by the Secretary.

(2) A representative of property and casualty insurance agents, appointed by the Secretary.

(3) A representative of consumers of property-casualty insurance, appointed by the Secretary.

(4) A representative of a recognized national credit rating agency, appointed by the Secretary.

(5) A representative of the banking or real estate industry, appointed by the Secretary.

(6) 2 representatives of the National Association of Insurance Commissioners, designated by that organization.

(7) A representative of the Department of the Treasury, designated by the Secretary of the Treasury.

(c) NATIONAL TERRORISM REINSURANCE FUND-

(1) ESTABLISHMENT- To carry out the reinsurance program, the Secretary shall establish a National Terrorism Reinsurance Fund which shall be available, without fiscal year limitations--

(A) to make such payments as may, from time to time, be required under reinsurance contracts under this Act;

(B) to pay such administrative expenses as may be necessary or appropriate to carry out the purposes of this Act, but such expenses may not exceed $5,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2002, 2003, and 2004; and

(C) to repay to the Secretary of the Treasury such sums, including interest thereon, as may be borrowed from the Treasury for purposes of this Act.

(2) CREDITS TO FUND- The Fund shall be credited with--

(A) reinsurance premiums, fees, and other charges which may be paid or collected in connection with reinsurance provided under this Act;

(B) interest which may be earned on investments of the Fund;

(C) receipts from any other source which may, from time to time, be credited to the Fund; and

(D) Funds borrowed by the Secretary from the Treasury.

(3) INVESTMENT IN OBLIGATIONS ISSUED OR GUARANTEED BY UNITED STATES- If the Secretary determines that the moneys of the Fund are in excess of current needs, he may request the investment of such amounts as he deems advisable by the Secretary of the Treasury in obligations issued or guaranteed by the United States.

(4) LOANS TO FUND- The Secretary of the Treasury shall grant loans to the Fund in the manner and to the extent provided in this Act.

(d) UNDERWRITING STANDARDS- In order to carry out the responsibilities of the Secretary under this Act and protect the Fund, the Secretary shall establish minimum underwriting standards for participating insurers.

(e) Monitoring of Terrorism Insurance Rates-

(1) SECRETARY TO ESTABLISH SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RATES- The Secretary shall establish a special committee on rates, the size and membership of which shall be determined by the Secretary, except that the committee shall, at a minimum, include--

(A) representatives of providers of insurance for losses due to acts of terrorism;

(B) representatives of purchasers of such insurance;

(C) at least 2 representatives of NAIC; and

(D) at least 2 independent insurance actuaries.

(2) DUTIES- The special committee on rates shall meet at the call of the Secretary and shall--

(A) review reports filed with the Secretary by State insurance regulatory authorities;

(B) collect data on rate disclosure practices of participating insurers for insurance for covered lines and for losses due to acts of terrorism; and

(C) provide such advice and counsel to the Secretary as the Secretary may require.

SEC. 5. FUND OPERATIONS.

(a) Funding by Premium-

(1) IN GENERAL- For the year beginning January 1, 2002, and each subsequent year of operation, participating insurers shall pay into the Fund an annual reinsurance contract premium of not less than 3 percent of their respective gross direct written premiums for covered lines for the calendar year. The annual premium shall be paid in installments at the end of each calendar quarter. The reinsurance contract premium and any annual assessment may be recovered by a participating insurer from its covered lines policyholders as a direct surcharge calculated as a uniform percentage of premium.

(2) ADDITIONAL CREDIT RISK PREMIUM- If the Secretary determines that a participating insurer has a credit rating that is lower than the second from highest credit rating awarded by nationally recognized credit rating agencies, the Secretary may charge an additional credit risk premium, of up to 0.5 percent of gross direct written premiums for covered lines received by that insurer, to compensate the Fund for credit risk associated with providing reinsurance to that insurer.

(b) INITIAL CAPITAL-

(1) LOAN- The Fund shall have an initial capital of $2,000,000,000, which the Secretary shall borrow from the Treasury of the United States. Upon application by the Secretary, the Secretary of the Treasury shall transfer that amount to the Fund, out of amounts in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, at standard market rates.

(2) REPAYMENT OF START-UP LOAN- The Secretary shall use premiums received from assessments in calendar year 2002 to repay the loan provided to the Fund under paragraph (1).

(c) Shortfall Loans-

(1) IN GENERAL- If the Secretary determines that the balance in the accounts of the Fund is insufficient to cover anticipated claims, administrative expenses, and maintain adequate reserves for any other reason, after taking into account premiums assessed under subsection (a) and any other amounts receivable, the Secretary shall borrow from the Treasury an amount sufficient to satisfy the obligations of the Fund and to maintain a positive balance of $2,000,000,000 in the accounts of the Fund. Upon application by the Secretary, the Secretary of the Treasury shall transfer to the Fund, out of amounts in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, the requested amount as an interest-bearing loan.

(2) INTEREST RATE- The rate of interest on any loan made to the Fund under paragraph (1) shall be established by the Secretary of the Treasury and based on the weighted average credit rating of the Fund before the loss that made the loan necessary.

(3) $50 billion loan limit- Notwithstanding any other provision of this Act, the total amount of loans outstanding at any time from the Treasury to the Fund may not exceed the amount by which $50,000,000,000 exceeds the Fund's assets.

(4) REPAYMENT OF LOANS BY ASSESSMENT- Any loan under paragraph (1) shall be repaid from reserves of the Fund, assessments of participating insurers, or a combination thereof. If an assessment is necessary, the maximum annual assessment under this subsection shall be not more than 3 percent of the direct written premium for covered lines. The reinsurance contract premium and any annual assessment may be recovered by a participating insurer from its covered lines policyholders as a direct surcharge calculated as a uniform percentage of premium.

SEC. 6. COVERAGE PROVIDED.

(a) IN GENERAL- The Fund shall provide reinsurance for losses resulting from acts of terrorism covered by reinsurance contracts entered into between the Fund and participating insurers that write covered lines of insurance within the meaning of section 14(5)(A) or that have elected, under section 14(5)(C), to voluntarily include another line of insurance.

(b) RETENTION- The Fund shall reimburse participating insurers for losses resulting from acts of terrorism on direct losses in any calendar year in excess of 10 percent of a participating insurer's average gross direct written premiums and policyholders' surplus for covered lines for the most recently ended calendar year for which data are available, based on each participating insurer's annual statement for that calendar year as reported to NAIC.

(c) REIMBURSEMENT AMOUNT- If a participating insurer demonstrates to the satisfaction of the Secretary that it has paid claims for losses resulting from acts of terrorism equal to or in excess of the amount of retention required by subsection (b), then the Fund shall reimburse the participating insurer for--

(1) 90 percent of its covered losses in calendar year 2002; and

(2) a percentage of its covered losses in calendar years beginning after calendar year 2002 equal to--

(A) 90 percent if the insurer pays an assessment equal to 4 percent of the insurer's average gross direct written premiums and policyholders' surplus for the most recently ended calendar year;

(B) 80 percent if the insurer pays an assessment equal to 3 percent of the insurer's average gross direct written premiums and policyholders' surplus for the most recently ended calendar year; and

(C) 70 percent if the insurer pays an assessment equal to 2 percent of the insurer's average gross direct written premiums and policyholders' surplus for the most recently ended calendar year.

(d) $50,000,000,000 Limit- Except as provided in subsection (e), the Fund may not reimburse participating insurers for covered losses in excess of a total Fund reimbursement amount for all participating insurers of $50,000,000,000.

(e) Losses Exceeding $50,000,000,000 Limit- If the Secretary determines that reimbursable losses in a calendar year from an event exceed $50,000,000,000, the Secretary--

(1) shall pay, out of amounts in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated--

(A) 90 percent of the covered losses occurring in calendar year 2002 in excess, in the aggregate, of $50,000,000,000 but not in excess of $100,000,000; and

(B) 80 percent of the covered losses occurring in calendar year 2003 or 2004 in excess, in the aggregate, of $50,000,000,000 but not in excess of $100,000,000; and

(2) shall notify the Congress of that determination and transmit to the Congress recommendations for responding to the insufficiency of available amounts to cover reimbursable losses.

(f) REPORTS TO STATE REGULATOR; CERTIFICATION-

(1) REPORTING TERRORISM COVERAGE- A participating insurer shall--

(A) report the amount of its terrorism insurance coverage to the insurance regulatory authority for each State in which it does business; and

(B) obtain a certification from the State that it is not providing terrorism insurance coverage in excess of its capacity under State solvency requirements.

(2) REPORTS TO SECRETARY- The State regulator shall furnish a copy of the certification received under paragraph (1) to the Secretary.

SEC. 7. SECRETARY TO DETERMINE IF LOSS IS ATTRIBUTABLE TO TERRORISM.

(a) INITIAL DETERMINATION- If a participating insurer files a claim for reimbursement from the Fund, the Secretary shall make an initial determination as to whether the losses or expected losses were caused by an act of terrorism.

(b) NOTICE AND HEARING- The Secretary shall give public notice of the initial determination and afford all interested parties an opportunity to be heard on the question of whether the losses or expected losses were caused by an act of terrorism.

(c) FINAL DETERMINATION- Within 30 days after the Secretary's initial determination, the Secretary shall make a final determination as to whether the losses or expected losses were caused by an act of terrorism.

(d) STANDARD OF REVIEW- The Secretary's determination shall be upheld upon judicial review if based upon substantial evidence.

SEC. 8. MANDATORY COVERAGE BY PROPERTY AND CASUALTY INSURERS FOR ACTS OF TERRORISM.

(a) IN GENERAL- An insurer that provides lines of coverage described in section 14(5)(A) or 14(5)(B) may not--

(1) exclude or limit coverage in those lines for losses from acts of terrorism in the United States, its territories, and possessions in property and casualty insurance policy forms; or

(2) deny or cancel coverage solely due to the risk of losses from acts of terrorism in the United States.

(b) TERMS AND CONDITIONS- Insurance against losses from acts of terrorism in the United States shall be covered with the same deductibles, limits, terms, and conditions as the standard provisions of the policy for non-catastrophic perils.

SEC. 9. PASS-THROUGHS AND OTHER RATE INCREASES.

(a) LIMITATION ON RATE INCREASES FOR COVERED RISKS- Except as provided in subsection (b), a participating insurer that provides lines of coverage described in section 14(5)(A) or 14(5)(B) may not increase annual

rates on covered risks during any period in which the insurer participates in the Fund by a percent in excess of the sum of--

(1) the percent used to determine the insurer's assessment under section 5(a)(1); and

(2) if there is an assessment against the insurer under section 5(c)(4), a percent equivalent to the percent assessment of the insurer's gross direct written premium for covered lines.

(b) Terrorism-Related Increases in Excess of Pass-Throughs-

(1) REPORTS BY INSURERS- Not less than 30 days before the date on which a participating insurer increases the premium rate for insurance on any covered line of insurance described in section 14(5) based, in whole or in part, on risk associated with insurance against losses due to acts of terrorism, the insurer shall file a report with the State insurance regulatory authority for the State in which the premium increase is effective that--

(A) explains the need for the increased premium; and

(B) identifies the portion of the increase properly attributable to risk associated with insurance offered by that insurer against losses due to acts of terrorism; and

(C) demonstrates, by substantial evidence, why that portion of the increase is warranted.

(2) REPORTS BY STATE REGULATORS- Within 15 days after a State insurance regulatory authority receives a report from an insurer required by paragraph (1), the authority--

(A) shall transmit a copy of the report to the Secretary;

(B) may include a determination with respect to whether an insurer has met the requirement of paragraph (1)(C); and

(C) may include with the report any commentary or analysis it deems appropriate.

SEC. 10. CREDIT FOR REINSURANCE.

Each State shall afford an insurer obtaining reinsurance from the Fund credit for such reinsurance on the same basis and to the same extent that credit for reinsurance would be available to that insurer under applicable State law when reinsurance is obtained from an assuming insurer licensed or accredited in that State.

SEC. 11. ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS; REPORTS AND ANALYSIS.

(a) IN GENERAL- In carrying out this Act, the Secretary may--

(1) issue such rules and regulations as may be necessary to administer this Act;

(2) enter into reinsurance contracts, adjust and pay claims as provided in this Act, and carry out the activities necessary to implement this Act;

(3) set forth the coverage provided by the Fund to accomplish the purposes of this Act;

(4) provide for an audit of the books and records of the Fund by the General Accounting Office;

(5) take appropriate action to collect premiums or assessments under this Act; and

(6) audit the reports, claims, books, and records of participating insurers.

(b) REPORTS FROM INSURERS- Participating insurers shall submit reports on a quarterly or other basis (as required by the Secretary) to the Secretary, the Federal Trade Commission, and the General Accounting Office setting forth rates, premiums, risk analysis, coverage, reserves, claims made for reimbursement from the Fund, and such additional financial and actuarial information as the Secretary may require regarding lines of coverage described in section 14(5)(A) or 14(5)(B).

(c) FTC ANALYSIS AND ENFORCEMENT- The Federal Trade Commission shall review the reports submitted under subsection (b), treating the information contained in the reports as privileged and confidential, for the purpose of determining whether any insurer is engaged in unfair methods of competition or unfair or deceptive acts or practices in or affecting commerce (within the meaning of section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 45)).

(d) GAO REVIEW- The Comptroller General shall provide for review and analysis of the reports submitted under subsection (b), and, if necessary, provide of audit of reimbursement claims filed by insurers with the Fund.

(e) REPORTS BY SECRETARY- No later than March 31st of each calendar year, the Secretary shall transmit to the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Technology and the House of Representatives Committee on Commerce an annual report on insurance rate increases for the preceding calendar year in the United States based upon the reports received by the Secretary under this Act. The Secretary may include in the report a recommendation for legislation to impose Federal regulation of insurance rates on covered lines of insurance if the Secretary determines that premium rates for insurance on covered lines of insurance are--

(1) unreasonable; and

(2) attributable to insurance for losses from acts of terrorism.

SEC. 12. INAPPLICABILITY OF CERTAIN LAWS.

(a) IN GENERAL- State laws relating to insurance rates, insurance policy forms, insurance rates on any covered lines of insurance described in section 14(5)(A) or 14(5)(B), insurer financial requirements, and insurer licensing do not apply to contracts entered into by the Fund. The Fund is not subject to State tax and is exempt from Federal income tax. The reinsurance contract premium paid and assessments collected by insurers shall not be subject to local, State, or Federal tax. The reinsurance contract premium and assessments recovered from policyholders shall not be subject to local, State, or Federal tax.

(b) EXCEPTION FOR UNFAIR TRADE PRACTICE LAWS- Notwithstanding subsection (a), nothing in this Act supersedes or preempts a State law that prohibits unfair methods of competition in commerce, unfair or deceptive acts or practices in commerce, or unfair insurance claims practices.

SEC. 13. SUNSET PROVISION.

(a) ASSESSMENT AND COLLECTION OF PREMIUMS- The Secretary shall continue the premium assessment and collection operations of the Fund under this Act as long as loans due from the Fund to the United States Treasury are outstanding.

(b) PROVISION OF REINSURANCE- The Secretary shall suspend other operations of the Fund for new contract years on the close of business on December 31, 2004, and may suspend the offering of reinsurance contracts for new contract years at any time before that date if the Secretary determines that the reinsurance provided by the Fund is no longer needed for covered lines due to market conditions.

(c) REVIEW OF PRIVATE REINSURANCE AVAILABILITY- The Secretary shall review the cost and availability of private reinsurance for acts of terrorism at least annually and shall report the findings and any recommendations to Congress by June 1 of each year the Fund is in operation.

(d) Dissolution of Fund-

(1) DISTRIBUTION FOR RESERVES- When the Secretary determines that all Fund operations have been terminated, the Secretary shall dissolve the Fund. Any unencumbered Fund assets remaining after the satisfaction of all outstanding claims, loans from the Treasury, and other liabilities of the Fund shall be distributed, on a pro rata basis based on premiums paid, to any insurer that--

(A) participated in the Fund during its operation; and

(B) demonstrates, to the satisfaction of the Secretary, that any amount received as a distribution from the Fund will be permanently credited to a reserve account maintained by that insurer against claims for industrywide aggregate losses of $2,000,000,000 from--

(i) acts of terrorism in the United States; or

(ii) the effects of earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, or hurricanes.

(2) RETENTION REQUIREMENT FOR TAPPING RESERVE- Amounts credited to a reserve under paragraph (a) may not be used by an insurer to pay claims until the insurer has paid claims for losses resulting from acts or events described in paragraph (1)(B) in excess of 10 percent of that insurer's average gross direct written premiums and policyholders' surplus for covered lines for the most recently ended calendar year for which data are available.

(3) OFFICER AND DIRECTOR PENALTIES FOR MISUSE OF RESERVES- Any officer or director of an insurer who knowingly authorizes or directs the use of any amount received from the Fund under paragraph (1) for any purpose other than an appropriate use of amounts in the reserve to which the amount is credited shall be guilty of a Class E felony and sentenced in accordance with the provisions of section 3551 of title 18, United States Code.

(4) RESIDUAL DISTRIBUTION TO TREASURY- Any unencumbered Fund assets remaining after the distribution under paragraph (1) shall be covered into the Treasury of the United States as miscellaneous receipts.

SEC. 14. DEFINITIONS.

In this Act:

(1) SECRETARY- Except where otherwise specifically provided, the term `Secretary' means the Secretary of Commerce.

(2) NAIC- The term `NAIC' means the National Association of Insurance Commissioners.

(3) FUND- The term `Fund' means the National Terrorism Reinsurance Fund established under section 4.

(4) PARTICIPATING INSURER- The term `participating insurer' means every property and casualty insurer writing on a direct basis a covered line or lines of insurance in any jurisdiction of the United States, its territories, or possessions, including residual market insurers.

(5) Covered line-

(A) IN GENERAL- The term `covered line' means any one or a combination of the following, written on a direct basis, as reported by property and casualty insurers in required financial reports on Statutory Page 14 of the NAIC Annual Statement Blank:

(i) Fire.

(ii) Allied lines.

(iii) Commercial multiple peril.

(iv) Ocean marine.

(v) Inland marine.

(vi) Workers compensation.

(vii) Products liability.

(viii) Commercial auto no-fault (personal injury protection), other commercial auto liability, or commercial auto physical damage.

(ix) Aircraft (all peril).

(x) Fidelity and surety.

(xi) Burglary and theft.

(xii) Boiler and machinery.

(xiii) Any other line of insurance that is reported by property and casualty insurers in required financial reports on Statutory Page 14 of the NAIC Annual Statement Blank which is voluntarily elected by an participating insurer to be included in its reinsurance contract with the Fund.

(B) OTHER LINES- For purposes of clause (xiii), the lines of business that may be voluntarily selected are the following:

(i) Farmowners multiple peril.

(ii) Homeowners multiple peril.

(iii) Mortgage guaranty.

(iv) Financial guaranty.

(v) Private passenger automobile insurance.

(C) ELECTION- The election to voluntarily include another line of insurance, if made, must apply to all affiliated insurers that are members of an insurer group. Any voluntary election is on a one-time basis and is irrevocable.

(6) LOSSES- The term `losses' means direct incurred losses from an act of terrorism for covered lines, plus defense and cost containment expenses. Notwithstanding the preceding sentence, a loss shall not be recognized as a loss for the purpose of determining the amount of an insurer's retention or reimbursement under this Act unless the claim for the loss has been paid within 12 months after the terrorism event occurs and other loss adjustments.

(7) COVERED LOSSES- The term `covered losses' means direct losses in excess of the participating insurer's retention.

(8) Terrorism; act of terrorism-

(A) IN GENERAL- The terms `terrorism' and `act of terrorism' mean any act, certified by the Secretary in concurrence with the Secretary of State and the Attorney General, as a violent act or act dangerous to human life, property or infrastructure, within the United States, its territories and possessions, that is committed by an individual or individuals acting on behalf of foreign agents or foreign interests (other than a foreign government) as part of an effort to coerce or intimidate the civilian population of the United States or to influence the policy or affect the conduct of the United States government.

(B) ACTS OF WAR- No act shall be certified as an act of terrorism if the act is committed in the course of a war declared by the Congress of the United States or by a foreign government.

(C) FINALITY OF CERTIFICATION- Any certification, or determination not to certify, by the Secretary under subparagraph (A) is final and not subject to judicial review.

(9) Insurer-

(A) IN GENERAL- The term `insurer' means an entity writing covered lines on a direct basis and licensed as a property and casualty insurer, risk retention group, or other entity authorized by law as a residual market mechanism providing property or casualty coverage in at least one jurisdiction of the United States, its territories, or possessions.

(B) VOLUNTARY PARTICIPATION- A State workers' compensation, auto, or property insurance Fund may voluntarily participate as an insurer.

(10) CONTRACT YEAR- The term `contract year' means the period of time that obligations exist between a participating insurer and the Fund for a given annual reinsurance contract.

(11) RETENTION- The term `retention' means the level of direct losses retained by a participating insurer for which the insurer is not entitled to reimbursement by the Fund.

END