109th CONGRESS
2d Session
S. 2321
AN ACT
To require the Secretary of the Treasury to mint coins in commemoration
of Louis Braille.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
States of America in Congress assembled,
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.
This Act may be cited as the `Louis Braille Bicentennial--Braille Literacy
Commemorative Coin Act'.
SEC. 2. FINDINGS.
Congress finds as follows:
(1) Louis Braille, who invented the Braille method for reading and writing
by the blind that has allowed millions of blind people to be literate
participants in their societies, was born in Coupvray, a small village
near Paris, on January 4, 1809.
(2) Braille lost his sight at the age of 3, after injuring himself with
an awl in the shop of his father Rene, a maker of harnesses and other
objects of leather.
(3) A youth who was both intelligent and creative, Braille was blessed
with dedicated parents, a thoughtful local priest, and an energetic local
schoolteacher.
(4) Braille adapted to his situation and attended local school with other
children of his age, an unheard-of practice for a blind child of the period.
(5) At the age of 10, when his schooling otherwise would have stopped,
Braille, with the aid of his priest and schoolteacher, was given a scholarship
by a local nobleman and went to Paris to attend the Royal Institute for
Blind Children, where he became the youngest pupil.
(6) At the Institute, most instruction was oral but Braille found there
were books for the blind, large, expensive-to-produce books, in which
the text was of large letters embossed upon the page.
(7) Soon, Braille had read all 14 books in the school, but thirsted for
more.
(8) Charles Barbier de la Serre, a captain in Napoleon's army, had invented
`night writing', a method for communicating on the battlefield amidst
the thick smoke of combat, or at night without lighting a match (which
would aid enemy gunners), that used dots and dashes that were felt and
interpreted with the fingers. He later adapted the method for use by the
blind, calling it `Sonography', because it represented words by sounds,
rather than spelling.
(9) Braille adopted the Sonography method instantly, but soon recognized
that the basis in sound and the large number of dots, as many as 12, used
to represent words was too cumbersome.
(10) By the age of 15, and using a blunt awl, the same sort of tool that
had blinded him, Braille had developed what is essentially modern Braille,
a code that uses no more than 6 dots in a `cell' of 2 columns of 3 dots
each to represent each letter, and contains a system of punctuation and
of `contractions' to speed writing and reading.
(11) In contrast to the bulky books consisting of large embossed letters,
Braille books can contain as many as 1,000 characters or contractions
on a standard 11-by-12-inch page of heavy paper, and to this day, Braille
can be punched with an awl-like `stylus' into paper held in a metal `slate'
that is very similar to the ones that Louis Braille adapted from Barbier's
original `night writing' devices.
(12) Also a talented organist who supported himself by giving concerts,
Braille went on to develop the Braille representation of music, and in
1829, published the first-ever Braille book, a manual about how to read
and write music.
(13) 8 years later, in 1837, Braille followed that publication with another
book detailing a system of representation of mathematics.
(14) Braille's talents were quickly recognized, and at age 17, he was
made the first blind apprentice teacher at the school, where he taught
algebra, grammar, music, and geography.
(15) He and 2 blind classmates, his friends who probably were the first
people to learn to read and write Braille, later became the first 3 blind
full professors at the school.
(16) However, despite the fact that many blind people enthusiastically
adopted the system of writing and reading, there was great skepticism
among sighted people about the real usefulness of Braille's code, and
even at the Royal Institute, it was not taught until after his death on
January 6, 1852.
(17) Braille did not start to spread widely until 1868 when a group of
British men, later to become known as the Royal National Institute for
the Blind, began publicizing and teaching the system.
(18) Braille did not become the official and sole method of reading and
writing for blind United States citizens until the 20th Century.
(19) Helen Keller, a Braille reader of another generation, said: `Braille
has been a most precious aid to me in many ways. It made my going to college
possible--it was the only method by which I could take notes on lectures.
All my examination papers were copied for me in this system. I use Braille
as a spider uses its web--to catch thoughts that flit across my mind for
speeches, messages, and manuscripts.'.
(20) While rapid technological advances in the 20th Century have greatly
aided the blind in many ways by speeding access to information, each advance
has seen a commensurate drop in the teaching of Braille, to the point
that only about 10 percent of blind students today are taught the system.
(21) However, for the blind not to know Braille is in itself a handicap,
because literacy is the ability to read and the ability to write and the
ability to do the 2 interactively.
(22) The National Federation of the Blind, the Nation's oldest membership
organization consisting of blind members, has been a champion of the Braille
code, of Braille literacy for all blind people, and of the memory of Louis
Braille, and continues its Braille literacy efforts today through its
divisions emphasizing Braille literacy, education of blind children, and
employment of the blind.
(23) Braille literacy aids the blind in taking responsible and self-sufficient
roles in society, such as employment. While 70 percent of the blind are
unemployed, 85 percent of the employed blind are Braille-literate.
SEC. 3. COIN SPECIFICATIONS.
(a) In General- The Secretary of the Treasury (hereafter in this Act referred
to as the `Secretary') shall mint and issue not more than 400,000 $1 coins
bearing the designs specified in section 4(a), each of which shall--
(2) have a diameter of 1.500 inches; and
(3) contain 90 percent silver and 10 percent copper.
(b) Legal Tender- The coins minted under this Act shall be legal tender,
as provided in section 5103 of title 31, United States Code.
(c) Numismatic Items- For purposes of section 5134 of title 31, United States
Code, all coins minted under this Act shall be considered to be numismatic
items.
SEC. 4. DESIGN OF COINS.
(1) IN GENERAL- The design of the coins minted under this Act shall be
emblematic of the life and legacy of Louis Braille.
(2) OBVERSE- The design on the obverse shall bear a representation of
the image of Louis Braille.
(3) REVERSE- The design on the reverse shall emphasize Braille literacy,
and shall specifically include the word for Braille in Braille code (the
Braille capital sign and the letters Brl) represented in a way that complies
with section 3 of specification 800 of the National Library Service for
the Blind and Physically Handicapped of the Library of Congress specifications
for Braille, and is tactilely indiscernible from printed or written Braille.
(4) DESIGNATION AND INSCRIPTIONS- On each coin minted under this Act,
there shall be--
(A) a designation of the value of the coin;
(B) an inscription of the year `2009'; and
(C) inscriptions of the words `Liberty', `In God We Trust', `United
States of America', and `E Pluribus Unum'.
(b) Selection- The design for the coins minted under this Act shall be--
(1) selected by the Secretary, after consultation with the Commission
of Fine Arts and the National Federation of the Blind; and
(2) reviewed by the Citizens Coinage Advisory Committee.
SEC. 5. ISSUANCE OF COINS.
(a) Quality of Coins- Coins minted under this Act shall be issued in uncirculated
and proof qualities.
(b) Mint Facility- Only 1 facility of the United States Mint may be used
to strike any particular quality of the coins minted under this Act.
(c) Period for Issuance- The Secretary may issue coins minted under this
Act only during the 1-year period beginning on January 1, 2009.
SEC. 6. SALE OF COINS.
(a) Sale Price- The coins issued under this Act shall be sold by the Secretary
at a price equal to the sum of--
(1) the face value of the coins;
(2) the surcharge provided in section 7(a) with respect to such coins;
and
(3) the cost of designing and issuing the coins (including labor, materials,
dies, use of machinery, overhead expenses, marketing, and shipping).
(b) Bulk Sales- The Secretary shall make bulk sales of the coins issued
under this Act at a reasonable discount.
(1) IN GENERAL- The Secretary shall accept prepaid orders for the coins
minted under this Act before the issuance of such coins.
(2) DISCOUNT- Sale prices with respect to prepaid orders under paragraph
(1) shall be at a reasonable discount.
SEC. 7. SURCHARGES.
(a) Surcharge Required- All sales of coins under this Act shall include
a surcharge of $10 per coin.
(b) Distribution- Subject to section 5134(f) of title 31, United States
Code, all surcharges which are received by the Secretary from the sale of
coins issued under this Act shall be promptly paid by the Secretary to the
National Federation of the Blind, to further its programs to promote Braille
literacy.
(c) Audits- The National Federation of the Blind shall be subject to the
audit requirements of section 5134(f)(2) of title 31, United States Code,
with regard to the amounts received by the National Federation of the Blind
under subsection (b).
Passed the Senate June 29, 2006.
Attest:
Secretary.
109th CONGRESS
2d Session
S. 2321
AN ACT
To require the Secretary of the Treasury to mint coins in commemoration
of Louis Braille.
END
